第3节 可降阶的高阶微分方程
4(5) 待校验
一、基础题
1. 求下列微分方程的通解:
(1) $y'' = \text{e}^{2x} - \sin 2x$
对原方程连续进行两次积分:
第一次积分:
$$y' = \int (\text{e}^{2x} - \sin 2x) \text{d}x = \frac{1}{2}\text{e}^{2x} + \frac{1}{2}\cos 2x + C_1$$第二次积分:
$$y = \int \left( \frac{1}{2}\text{e}^{2x} + \frac{1}{2}\cos 2x + C_1 \right) \text{d}x$$$$y = \frac{1}{4}\text{e}^{2x} + \frac{1}{4}\sin 2x + C_1 x + C_2$$(2) $y'' = y' + x$
令 $p = y'$,则 $y'' = p'$,代入方程得一阶线性微分方程:
$$p' - p = x$$其积分因子为 $\mu(x) = \text{e}^{\int -1 \text{d}x} = \text{e}^{-x}$,方程两边同乘 $\text{e}^{-x}$:
$$(\text{e}^{-x} p)' = x\text{e}^{-x}$$两边积分得:
$$\text{e}^{-x} p = \int x\text{e}^{-x} \text{d}x = -x\text{e}^{-x} - \text{e}^{-x} + C_1$$$$p = -x - 1 + C_1\text{e}^x$$即 $y' = -x - 1 + C_1\text{e}^x$,再次积分得到通解:
$$y = -\frac{1}{2}x^2 - x + C_1\text{e}^x + C_2$$(3) $(1-x^2)y'' - xy' = 0$
令 $p = y'$,则 $y'' = p'$,方程化为:
$$(1-x^2)p' = xp$$分离变量:
$$\frac{\text{d}p}{p} = \frac{x}{1-x^2}\text{d}x$$积分得:
$$\ln|p| = -\frac{1}{2}\ln|1-x^2| + \ln C_1 \Rightarrow p = \frac{C_1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$$即 $y' = \frac{C_1}{\sqrt{1-x^2}}$,再次积分得到通解:
$$y = C_1 \arcsin x + C_2$$(4) $y'' + \frac{2}{1-y}y'^2 = 0$
令 $p = y'$,此时方程不显含 $x$,故化 $y'' = p\frac{\text{d}p}{\text{d}y}$:
$$p\frac{\text{d}p}{\text{d}y} + \frac{2}{1-y}p^2 = 0$$假设 $p \neq 0$,分离变量得:
$$\frac{\text{d}p}{p} + \frac{2}{1-y}\text{d}y = 0$$积分得:
$$\ln|p| - 2\ln|1-y| = \ln C_1 \Rightarrow p = C_1(1-y)^2$$代回 $p = \frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x}$,再次分离变量:
$$\frac{\text{d}y}{(1-y)^2} = C_1\text{d}x$$积分得:
$$\frac{1}{1-y} = C_1 x + C_2 \Rightarrow 1-y = \frac{1}{C_1 x + C_2}$$$$y = 1 - \frac{1}{C_1 x + C_2}$$(注:$p=0$ 即 $y=C$ 也是解,包含在通解形式之外,为奇解或特解)
(5) $y'' + \sqrt{1-y'^2} = 0$
令 $p = y'$,则 $y'' = p'$,方程化为:
$$p' = -\sqrt{1-p^2}$$分离变量积分:
$$\frac{\text{d}p}{\sqrt{1-p^2}} = -\text{d}x \Rightarrow \arcsin p = -x + C_1$$$$p = \sin(C_1 - x)$$代回 $p = y'$ 并积分:
$$y = \int \sin(C_1 - x) \text{d}x = \cos(C_1 - x) + C_2$$(6) $xy'' + y' = 0$
令 $p = y'$,则 $y'' = p'$,方程化为:
$$xp' + p = 0 \Rightarrow (xp)' = 0$$直接积分:
$$xp = C_1 \Rightarrow p = \frac{C_1}{x}$$即 $y' = \frac{C_1}{x}$,再次积分得到通解:
$$y = C_1 \ln|x| + C_2$$2. 求方程 $y'' = x$ 的过点 $P(0,1)$ 且在该点与直线 $y = \frac{x}{2} + 1$ 相切的积分曲线.
对方程 $y'' = x$ 积分得:
$$y' = \frac{1}{2}x^2 + C_1$$因曲线在 $P(0,1)$ 处与 $y = \frac{1}{2}x + 1$ 相切,故该点处的斜率为直线斜率,即 $y'(0) = \frac{1}{2}$。
代入得 $\frac{1}{2}(0)^2 + C_1 = \frac{1}{2} \Rightarrow C_1 = \frac{1}{2}$。
所以 $y' = \frac{1}{2}x^2 + \frac{1}{2}$。
再次积分:
$$y = \frac{1}{6}x^3 + \frac{1}{2}x + C_2$$代入点 $P(0,1)$ 坐标 $y(0) = 1$:
$0 + 0 + C_2 = 1 \Rightarrow C_2 = 1$。
该积分曲线方程为:
$$y = \frac{1}{6}x^3 + \frac{1}{2}x + 1$$3. 求方程 $y''y^2 + 1 = 0$ 的经过点 $P(0,1)$ 且在该点具有斜率为 $\sqrt{2}$ 的切线的积分曲线.
令 $p = y'$,则 $y'' = p\frac{\text{d}p}{\text{d}y}$,代入方程:
$$p\frac{\text{d}p}{\text{d}y}y^2 + 1 = 0 \Rightarrow p\text{d}p = -\frac{1}{y^2}\text{d}y$$积分得:
$$\frac{1}{2}p^2 = \frac{1}{y} + C_1$$由初值条件:当 $x=0$ 时,$y=1$,斜率 $p = y'(0) = \sqrt{2}$。代入得:
$$\frac{1}{2}(\sqrt{2})^2 = \frac{1}{1} + C_1 \Rightarrow 1 = 1 + C_1 \Rightarrow C_1 = 0$$故 $p^2 = \frac{2}{y}$。因为 $p(0) = \sqrt{2} > 0$,开方取正号:
$$p = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{y}} \Rightarrow \frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{y}} \Rightarrow \sqrt{y}\text{d}y = \sqrt{2}\text{d}x$$积分得:
$$\frac{2}{3}y^{3/2} = \sqrt{2}x + C_2$$再将初始条件 $y(0) = 1$ 代入:
$$\frac{2}{3}(1)^{3/2} = 0 + C_2 \Rightarrow C_2 = \frac{2}{3}$$曲线方程为:
$$\frac{2}{3}y^{3/2} = \sqrt{2}x + \frac{2}{3} \Rightarrow y^{3/2} = \frac{3\sqrt{2}}{2}x + 1$$整理得:
$$y = \left(\frac{3\sqrt{2}}{2}x + 1\right)^{2/3}$$二、提高题
4. 求下列微分方程满足所给初值条件的特解:
(1) $xy'' = y' - x(y')^2, y(2)=2, y'(2)=1$
令 $p = y'$,方程化为:
$$xp' = p - xp^2 \Rightarrow p' - \frac{1}{x}p = -p^2$$这是一个伯努利方程。两边同除以 $p^2$:
$$p^{-2}p' - \frac{1}{x}p^{-1} = -1$$令 $z = p^{-1}$,则 $z' = -p^{-2}p'$,代入化为一阶线性方程:
$$-z' - \frac{1}{x}z = -1 \Rightarrow z' + \frac{1}{x}z = 1$$积分因子 $\mu(x) = x$,方程变为 $(xz)' = x$,积分得:
$$xz = \frac{1}{2}x^2 + C_1 \Rightarrow z = \frac{x}{2} + \frac{C_1}{x} = \frac{x^2+2C_1}{2x}$$回代 $z = \frac{1}{p}$ 得:
$$p = \frac{2x}{x^2+2C_1}$$由 $y'(2) = p(2) = 1$ 代入:$1 = \frac{4}{4+2C_1} \Rightarrow 4+2C_1 = 4 \Rightarrow C_1 = 0$。
于是 $y' = p = \frac{2x}{x^2} = \frac{2}{x}$。积分得:
$$y = 2\ln|x| + C_2$$由 $y(2) = 2$ 代入:$2 = 2\ln 2 + C_2 \Rightarrow C_2 = 2 - 2\ln 2$。
特解为:
$$y = 2\ln x + 2 - 2\ln 2 = 2\ln\left(\frac{x}{2}\right) + 2$$(2) $y'' = 3\sqrt{y}, y(0)=1, y'(0)=2$
令 $p=y'$,$y'' = p\frac{\text{d}p}{\text{d}y}$:
$$p\frac{\text{d}p}{\text{d}y} = 3y^{1/2} \Rightarrow p\text{d}p = 3y^{1/2}\text{d}y$$积分得 $\frac{1}{2}p^2 = 2y^{3/2} + C_1$。
由 $y(0)=1, p(0)=2$ 代入得 $\frac{1}{2}(4) = 2(1) + C_1 \Rightarrow C_1 = 0$。
因此 $p^2 = 4y^{3/2}$,因为 $p(0)=2 > 0$,取正根得 $p = 2y^{3/4}$。
$$\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} = 2y^{3/4} \Rightarrow y^{-3/4}\text{d}y = 2\text{d}x$$积分得 $4y^{1/4} = 2x + C_2$。
由 $y(0)=1$ 代入得 $4 = 0 + C_2 \Rightarrow C_2 = 4$。
于是 $4y^{1/4} = 2x + 4 \Rightarrow 2y^{1/4} = x + 2$。
特解为:
$$y = \left(\frac{x+2}{2}\right)^4$$(3) $y'' - \text{e}^{2y} = 0, y(0)=0, y'(0)=1$
令 $p=y'$,$y'' = p\frac{\text{d}p}{\text{d}y}$:
$$p\frac{\text{d}p}{\text{d}y} = \text{e}^{2y} \Rightarrow p\text{d}p = \text{e}^{2y}\text{d}y$$积分得 $\frac{1}{2}p^2 = \frac{1}{2}\text{e}^{2y} + C_1$。
由 $y(0)=0, p(0)=1$ 得 $\frac{1}{2} = \frac{1}{2} + C_1 \Rightarrow C_1 = 0$。
所以 $p^2 = \text{e}^{2y}$,因 $p(0)=1 > 0$,取正根得 $p = \text{e}^y$。
$$\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} = \text{e}^y \Rightarrow \text{e}^{-y}\text{d}y = \text{d}x$$积分得 $-\text{e}^{-y} = x + C_2$。
由 $y(0)=0$ (此时 $x=0$) 得 $-1 = 0 + C_2 \Rightarrow C_2 = -1$。
于是 $-\text{e}^{-y} = x - 1 \Rightarrow \text{e}^{-y} = 1 - x$。
特解为:
$$y = -\ln(1-x)$$(4) $yy'' = 2[(y')^2 - y'], y(0)=1, y'(0)=2$
令 $p=y'$,$y'' = p\frac{\text{d}p}{\text{d}y}$:
$$yp\frac{\text{d}p}{\text{d}y} = 2(p^2 - p)$$由于 $p(0)=2 \neq 0$,两边同除以 $p$:
$$y\frac{\text{d}p}{\text{d}y} = 2(p - 1) \Rightarrow \frac{\text{d}p}{p-1} = 2\frac{\text{d}y}{y}$$积分得 $\ln|p-1| = 2\ln|y| + \ln C_1 \Rightarrow p-1 = C_1 y^2$。
由 $y(0)=1, p(0)=2$ 得 $2-1 = C_1(1)^2 \Rightarrow C_1 = 1$。
所以 $p = y^2 + 1$,即 $\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} = y^2 + 1$。
$$\frac{\text{d}y}{y^2+1} = \text{d}x$$积分得 $\arctan y = x + C_2$。
由 $y(0)=1$ 代入得 $\arctan 1 = 0 + C_2 \Rightarrow C_2 = \frac{\pi}{4}$。
特解为:
$$\arctan y = x + \frac{\pi}{4} \Rightarrow y = \tan\left(x + \frac{\pi}{4}\right)$$(5) $y'' + (y')^2 = 1, y(0)=0, y'(0)=0$
令 $p=y'$,则 $y'' = p'$:
$$p' + p^2 = 1 \Rightarrow \frac{\text{d}p}{1-p^2} = \text{d}x$$积分得 $\frac{1}{2}\ln\left|\frac{1+p}{1-p}\right| = x + C_1$(利用等价公式为 $\text{arctanh}(p) = x+C_1$)。
由 $p(0)=0$ 得 $\frac{1}{2}\ln 1 = 0 + C_1 \Rightarrow C_1 = 0$。
所以 $\frac{1+p}{1-p} = \text{e}^{2x}$,解出 $p$:
$$p = \frac{\text{e}^{2x}-1}{\text{e}^{2x}+1} = \frac{\text{e}^x - \text{e}^{-x}}{\text{e}^x + \text{e}^{-x}} = \tanh x$$$$y' = \tanh x \Rightarrow y = \int \frac{\sinh x}{\cosh x}\text{d}x = \ln(\cosh x) + C_2$$由 $y(0)=0$ 得 $0 = \ln 1 + C_2 \Rightarrow C_2 = 0$。
特解为:
$$y = \ln(\cosh x)$$三、考研真题
5. (2002203) 求微分方程 $yy'' + y'^2 = 0$ 满足初值条件 $y(0)=1, y'(0)=\frac{1}{2}$ 的特解.
方程左侧可逆用乘积求导法则写为 $(yy')' = 0$。
两边积分得:
$$yy' = C_1$$代入初始条件 $y(0)=1, y'(0)=\frac{1}{2}$,得 $1 \cdot \frac{1}{2} = C_1 \Rightarrow C_1 = \frac{1}{2}$。
于是得到:
$$y\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} = \frac{1}{2} \Rightarrow 2y\text{d}y = \text{d}x$$再次积分:
$$y^2 = x + C_2$$代入 $y(0)=1$ 得 $1^2 = 0 + C_2 \Rightarrow C_2 = 1$。
所以 $y^2 = x + 1$。由于 $y(0) = 1 > 0$,开平方取正值,特解为:
$$y = \sqrt{x+1}$$6. (2007219) 求微分方程 $y''(x+y'^2) = y'$ 满足初值条件 $y(1)=1, y'(1)=1$ 的特解.
令 $p = y'$,则 $y'' = p'$,将方程化为以 $y$ 的导数 $p$ 为桥梁的形式:
$$p'(x+p^2) = p$$将 $x$ 视作未知函数,$p$ 视作自变量,化为:
$$\frac{\text{d}x}{\text{d}p} \cdot p = x+p^2 \Rightarrow \frac{\text{d}x}{\text{d}p} - \frac{1}{p}x = p$$这是一阶线性微分方程。积分因子 $\mu(p) = \text{e}^{\int -\frac{1}{p}\text{d}p} = \frac{1}{p}$。两边乘 $\frac{1}{p}$ 得:
$$\left(\frac{x}{p}\right)' = 1$$积分得:
$$\frac{x}{p} = p + C_1 \Rightarrow x = p^2 + C_1 p$$利用条件:当 $x=1$ 时,$p=y'(1)=1$。代入得 $1 = 1^2 + C_1(1) \Rightarrow C_1 = 0$。
所以 $x = p^2$。因 $p(1)=1>0$,开方取正得 $p = \sqrt{x}$。
即 $\frac{\text{d}y}{\text{d}x} = x^{1/2}$。积分得:
$$y = \frac{2}{3}x^{3/2} + C_2$$利用条件 $y(1)=1$,代入得 $1 = \frac{2}{3} + C_2 \Rightarrow C_2 = \frac{1}{3}$。
特解为:
$$y = \frac{2}{3}x^{3/2} + \frac{1}{3}$$